The Food And Water Watch Analyzed Data From An Industrial...

For the past two decades animal farming has developed into an industrial operation of raising animals for human consumption (Rise of Factory Farms, 2015 Edition). Factory farming confines livestock (cows, hogs, and chickens) in tightly packed facilities with the focus on maximizing economic return. Today there are four meat packers that monopolize the industry. These four companies, Tyson, Smitfield Foods, JBS, and Cargill, control about 85 percent of the American beef industry (How 4 companies control almost all the meat you eat, 2014). This dominance in the industry affects the pricing, production, laws, and quality of the meat that is consumed. Also, majority of small and medium farms are disappearing due to the dominance of these major corporations. Factory farms are defined as operations where there are more than 500 beef cattle feedlots, 500 dairy cows, 1,000 hogs, 100,000 egg-laying chickens and 500,000 boiler chickens (in annual sales) (Factory Farm Nation, 2015 Edition). Th e Food and Water Watch analyzed data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Census of Agriculture from 1997, 2002, 2007 and 2012, about the growth of animals in factory farms in the past few years. As an indication of the growing numbers, Food and Water Watch reports that livestock rose by 20 percent, that is, from 23.7 million to 28.5 million, between 2002 and 2012. Beef cattle rose by 5 percent during the same period, from 11.6 million to 12.1 million. 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Fo ISBN 81-7881-995-3 Ref. No. PMCS/A 01 2K6 31 For any clarification regarding this book, the students may please write to ICFAI giving the above reference number, and page number. While every possible care has been taken in preparing this book, ICFAI welcomes suggestions from students for improvement in future editions. rI B S U se O nl y Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesdilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style of writing set the book apart, making it an ingenious read which invites reflexivity, criticalness and plurality of opinion from the audience. This is a book that will become a classic in organization studies. Mihaela L. 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Characteristics of Religion Free Essays

The quest for answers to the meaning of life is universal. It is not surprising then that the world’s major Religious Traditions share many characteristics. Using the characteristic headings from the Oxford Studies of Religion text book: -Name each of the characteristics of religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of Religion or any similar topic only for you Order Now -Write a comprehensive definition for each characteristic. For each characteristic, give TWO detailed examples from the Christian tradition, and ONE detailed example from another tradition. 1 ? – 2 pages) Religion provides us with a set of beliefs, values and attitudes, a focal point for developing ritual as well as a variety of social networks therefore giving us a purpose to our lives. Religion comprises of four main characteristics, including beliefs and believers, sacred texts and writings, ethics and rituals and ceremonies. All religions are sustained by beliefs and its believers. It is often the belief in one or many Gods that defines a religion. It may not only be the belief in one deity, such as the Christian and Islamic faiths, but could be the belief in more than one divine being, as seen in Ancient Greek Polytheism. Christians believe that there is only one God, and he created everything, all that is seen and unseen, from cats and dogs to the air we breathe. Alternatively, in Ancient Greek Polytheism, there were many Gods, each responsible for a certain part of nature. For example, Poseidon, was the God of the Sea and it was believed that he controlled everything to do with the sea from waves to sea creatures. Another example of Christian belief is that Jesus of Nazareth, the son of God, was crucified, suffered death and was buried. In most religions, believers derive majority of their basic beliefs from the sacred texts and writings specific to their religion. Sacred texts are texts which both dictate beliefs and are of central importance to a certain religion or religions. All religions have sacred texts from which they get their basic beliefs. There are three main types of sacred stories. These include myths which are often about the formation of the universe, legends that often include sacred and key figures and parables which generally have layers of meaning that believers try to shape their lives around. Often, these texts are believed to be supernaturally inspired. For example, majority of the writings in the Christian Bible, are about or by people who are directly in contact with God. The Bible is a point of reference for Christians to the regulations of their religion, for example the Ten Commandments or the Beatitudes. The Bible is split into two books, the New and Old Testament, both of which are considered sacred. Whilst the Bible is the main source of writings for Christians, the Qu’ran, which is about the length of the New Testament, include most of the divine revelations received by Muhammad from his first encounter with the angel Gabriel, until his death. Another example of a sacred Christian text is the Didache. This sacred text, also known as the Doctrine of the Twelve Apostles, was written in the first century and persuades its readers to choose Life over Death. The Didache was considered from entry into the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The sacred text and writings of religions often provide its believers with a set of ethics and a way to live and behave as well as traditions to follow within the religion. Ethics are the rules of conduct based on ideas of right and wrong and are recognised to belong to a particular class of human actions or a particular group. Central to any religion, their purpose is to determine right from wrong and to clarify what believers should do freely and what they should refrain from doing. Ethics usually vary from religion as they generally originate from sacred texts, ancestors etc and dictate what is morally correct in society. The main sources of ethics for Christians are the Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes. The Ten Commandments list ways in which Christians should pay respect to God and those around them. For example, the first commandment is â€Å"I am the LORD your God. You shall have no other gods before Me†¦ † The Beatitudes give Christians a way to live as individuals. For example, the Beatitude: â€Å"Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God,† instructs Catholics to be free of selfish intentions and to perform acts free of personal gain. For Buddhists, the Five Precepts are the main code of ethics for Buddhists and comprises of withholding from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying and intoxication. Rituals and ceremonies are the practices relating to beliefs. They are usually in place to affirm values and make the religion more substantial. Rituals and ceremonies are usually formal or structured actions. An example of this in the Christian religion is the mass. Generally, in most Churches, Christians gather on a Sunday to celebrate mass. Every Sunday, most Christian Churches complete the same structure of mass, possibly with different readings or songs but generally the same structure every week. For the Jewish boys, the Bar Mitzah is a substantial part of the young man’s life where he becomes a ‘man’ and is therefore required to follow God’s commandments. The Bar Mitzvah involves a ceremony which is performed at a certain time in the boy’s life, usually around the time of puberty. Another example of ritual in the Christian faith is baptism. Baptism is the admission into membership of the Christian Church through the pouring of water on one’s head, and the cleansing of one’s soul. There are four main characteristics which define a religion, these are as above; beliefs and believers, sacred texts and writings, ethics and rituals and ceremonies. These four characteristics work together to make the religion dynamic and enable it to be a way of life. How to cite Characteristics of Religion, Essay examples

Hamlet Critical Essay Example For Students

Hamlet Critical Essay Bryce Nations4/28/00SmithLit112Crumbling CastleHamlet is a complex play with many characters that each has an important role in the development of the story line. In the play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are inserted for nothing more than comic relief. But on the contrary, in the movie they are hopeless wanderers looking for meaning in the world. The pair is so lost in their mental endeavors that they do not even notice the crumbling of a royal family and ultimately their own deaths. Through Rosencrantz and Guildenstern we learn many lessons of the laws of nature and mathematics. They find answers to some of the worlds most difficult problems that have not even begun to be discovered according to the history books. Such discoveries as Newtons law of gravity, the steam engine, and the theory of probability can all be solved in their own somewhat idiotic ways. They also argue and prove to each other the obvious puzzles in life. When trying to demonstrate the difference in which objects fall, Rosencrantz says, You would think that the iron ball would fall at a faster Nations 2rate than this feather. Upon dropping the objects the iron ball plummets to the floor while the feather floats to the ground proving a common fact. There are significant differences between the movie and the book. In the book the real world is that of Elsinore to which Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are brought into. The movie puts Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in a make-believe world on a journey through the play of hamlet. In the movie the real world is represented by featureless rock and desolate forests, through which the pair journeys to find meaning. The only thing they can seem to remember is a royal summons given to them from the king of Denmark. Chance is a central image that is associated with the two throughout the film and was shown through the coin toss. The fact that the coin always landed upon the heads side could also serve as foreshadowing the pairs death. For there seems to be an almost one hundred percent probability that the coin will land on heads and an almost one hundred percent probability that they will be beheaded. The players have a key role in both the film and text. They provide an important role in catching King Claudius in the text and serve as comic relief in the film. They are first introduced in the film when they bump in to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern on the way to the castle. They beg for audiences saying that without one actors are useless and then begin to sound off a list of possible performances. The last scene in the movie shows the players riding off down the same road that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern first traveled. This is hinting that perhaps all the action has taken place within the players wagon and stage. Nations 3The characters within Elsinore remain constant with their actions between the text and film. The story of Hamlet shows the downfall and desecration of the role Denmark family. All the characters within the walls of Elsinore rot and begin to fall apart by the end of the story. Many of them succumb to plain madness like Prince Hamlet and Ophelia. It is almost as if a wave of evil has attacked the once peaceful castle bringing murder and betrayal upon all within it. At the end of the text the characters all seem to be composed of hatred and vengeance. But this could also be considered their decomposition into wild animal like people who murder at will. In both the film and text no problem seems to have a clear solution. .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 , .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 .postImageUrl , .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 , .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813:hover , .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813:visited , .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813:active { border:0!important; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813:active , .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813 .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u89c95fc02799e849d03ac108387a6813:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ways of selecting romantic par EssayShakespeare Essays

Information Security Profile for Air Force Reserve Command

Introduction The United States Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) incorporates operations, technological adjustments in war fighting and develops Airmen. This body deters nuclear operations, command and control, offers combat support, and ensures superiority on cyberspace. Since it offers services to third parties, the public, it has outlined some controls to make sure that its set standards are not overstepped (U.S Air Force Reserve Snapshot, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information Security Profile for Air Force Reserve Command specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, AFRC aims at long-term and high value services to the entire concerned partners and clients. For example, in managing its information system, the body ensures that there are well explained and coordinated procedures of handling the whole information. These may include channels of communication and modalities that the information must f ollow to the required destination, the precautions that must be taken when handling such information, and the parties that can get access to information. These rules assist AFRC in upholding democratic processes in the entire society; hence, ensuring accountability and transparency among societal leaders. Notably, information confidentiality is an essential factor in determining the modalities, channels and delivery systems (U.S Air Force Reserve Snapshot, 2012). Again, the number and kind of people who are authorized to handle such information and fundamental elements that are determined in information processing. On the other front, the drastic and steady change in technology has forced the AFRC to apply controls, which could help to minimize illegal access to some information by third parties. Worst still, some third parties can un-authentically gain access to these pieces of information and even go ahead to block the messages from further access. This information vulnerability m akes it a necessity to set up controls that can help guard the reports (Freedom of Information Act, n.d.). For instance, illegal access to information in a website do not require forceful intrusion and the hacker must not be close the owners to break into their infrastructural system. Since AFRC is a national organization, it needs to ensure that its plans and operations are secretly guarded to avert information leakage to the wrong parties. Controls and specified standards The specialized force only under exemptions allows some individuals to gain access to information that is not meant for the public. This control helps to maintain the secrets that are contained in the messages, as there are properly-guided procedures under which a person can view some information (Freedom of Information Act, n.d.). Only verified people can access these pieces of information with prior knowledge of the specialized force. From this perspective, AFRC is attempting to practice information authenticit y.Advertising Looking for report on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, this control shows that although AFRC established a website on Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), there are procedures that one has to follow in order to gain access to information. Evidently, an individual’s information freedom is controlled. The control helps the Reserve Command to maintain their set standard on information accessibility by third parties. Additionally, there is a control on information accessibility by any person. This occurs when one of the outlined nine exemptions prohibits information disclosure to the public. The protection to federal agency records is also guarded by the special law enforcement record exclusions (Freedom of Information Act, n.d.). Precisely, one of the three laws upholds the inaccessibility of such information. A control of this nature guarantees information privacy. For example, one cannot gain access to such information that should not be disclosed to the public even though one has a right to seek judicial address from the court of law. As a result, there is control on information accessibility; it ensures adherence to standards by preventing an unauthenticated access to information. However, not all information is kept off the public’s access, as they become informed on the fundamental functions of democratically elected leaders; therefore, being able to hold them accountable of any misconduct. At the same time, it encourages leadership transparency by minimizing unethical practices like corruption and nepotism. Moreover, there is a control that AFRC applies to records held by individuals, courts, and local government bodies. It holds that the citizens must request for information access in the records that the above listed bodies hold. Remarkably, individual states have their own managerial laws that guide their operations (Military Introduction, n.d.). Therefore, people have to consult their respective states in order to access these pieces of information. At AFRC, FOIA only guards federal agencies; therefore, there is no authenticity in accessing other records from institutions like the courts. Another control that this organization monitors, that is the fees for processing FOIA. The requesters’ are divided into three categories. These three groups pay different fees in order to access the same information. The categories are in terms of intended use of the information or message. For instance, commercial use, educational use, and media use. Information for commercial use, for example, pays reproduction, search, and review fee. On the other hand, information for scientific studies, which are non-commercial levies only reproduction fees and are given the first 100 printable pages at no cost.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information Security Profile for Air Force Reserve Command specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Occasionally, a fee waiver can be in force that is, pieces of information that their disclosure are deemed to significantly help the public undergo through this process. Public’s access to information empowers them to understand the roles of different government agencies (The Presence of Commercial/External Links, n.d.). Notably, the requester must not use such information for commercial purposes. A deep scrutiny is done to validate the intended use of these pieces of information. These notwithstanding, AFRC ensure information security through provision of mailbox details and website where people can send their FOIA requests. Obviously, this technique ensures information security as no third parties are incorporated in the whole inquiry process. Alternatively, if one needs information for personal use, he/she must prove beyond doubt to the AFRC that he/she is the only person requesting for such information. Specifically, the person must prove his/her identity during requisition. Notably, requesters who have close affiliation to Air force are prohibited from using government materials and equipment like office mail and telephones channels during FOIA requisition. This approach maintains high standard of security for the information available. People are also not required to release their e-mails like organizational and personal e-mails (The Presence of Commercial/External Links, n.d.). This step helps to protect internal information, as it could violate the agency’s regulations. If the information is released through e-mail, it would create unwarranted loopholes that would allow for unauthorized access to certain information hence privacy violation. On situations where one uses his/her personal postal address or e-mail to communicate to AFRC, the details could only be used to communicate back to the person. According to The Presence of Commercial/External Links (n.d.), the infor mation the client has sent can only be shared with a relevant agency dealing in the same line. This control ensures public confidence and loyalty in this organization. Outstandingly, a person is not required to give other personal details like social security numbers during communication. Therefore, the control also protects violation of personal privacy thus maintaining the standards that the organization has set to follow.Advertising Looking for report on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, AFRC has established a computer system that collects statistical data. During this process, the software in the computer can detect any unauthorized access to a given website (The Presence of Commercial/External Links, n.d.). Internet hackers can alter, damage, or erase all information in a website. Evidently, the organization has put in place a modern technological application that assists in mitigating illegal activities that could tamper with information and violates an individual’s privacy. Simultaneously, this control helps in assessing pieces of information that are mostly read and those that are least read; this also helps in management of sites. Conclusion Conclusively, the controls put forward by AFRC, surely, help in ensuring high standards in service delivery and development of trust among its stakeholders. In addition, the organization has clearly prohibited against accessing private sites, altering information, uploading information, and denying othe r people services. These acts are punishable in court. For example, unauthorized access of password-protected data leads to imprisonment for a term of not more than twenty years or subjection of a fine under the title (Military Introduction, n.d.). Notably, these charges are levied if the victim’s access to the information was for personal financial gain and the act furthered criminal or tortious acts, such as causing physical injuries to any person. Therefore, such controls ought to be fully implemented so that the integrity of the Air force command remains higher than any other organization. References Freedom of Information Act. (n.d.). Air Force Reserve Command. Retrieved from https://www.publicaffairs.af.mil/ Military Introduction. (n.d.). Global Security. Retrieved from https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/index.html The Presence of Commercial/External Links. (n.d.). Air Force Reserve Command. Retrieved from https://www.afrc.af.mil/ U.S Air Force Reserve Snapsh ot. (2012). Air Force Reserve Command. Retrieved from https://www.afrc.af.mil/ This report on Information Security Profile for Air Force Reserve Command was written and submitted by user Isis Underwood to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Virtually Anyting essays

Virtually Anyting essays  ¡Virtually Anything ¡ Virtual reality is a computer simulation that allows the viewer to see three-dimensional and realistic images. Virtual reality is made possible through sophisticated computers and complex programs designed to detect and interact with the person ¡s actual body movements and actions in real time (instantly). The person can manipulate the  ¡virtual ¡, or computer generated, environment with specially designed tools such as gloves, a helmet, and a variety of other such devices (Virtual Reality: History). These tools that are needed for advanced virtual reality simulations are usually owned by institutions such as NASA, universities, or government training facilities. Using tools such as the clothing type is usually restricted to the more expensive or educational experience of the technology. In fact, most people that use virtual reality may or may not know that they are because it is so common and due to the fact that using VR is not restricted to wearing the specialized gea r. Virtual reality didn ¡t always have such a commercial appeal even though it is most widely used today as a consumer product-enhancing agent when it first surfaced. In fact, VR wasn ¡t even a concept to the general public when the idea first arose to use a graphical representation of computer data. This was the first step in creating the idea of virtual reality because the computers of the time (late 1950s) were  ¡only glorified adding machines ¡ (Virtual Reality: History) that printed out on the old dot matrix type of printer. Also, these computers dominated the huge air-conditioned rooms that contained them and were not owned by the everyday Joe. With the further development of the computer came the increase in technologies that would yield the beginnings of intricate visual displays that would be known as virtual reality (Virtual Reality: History). Although the first ideas of linking c...

Biography of Meriwether Lewis, American Explorer

Biography of Meriwether Lewis, American Explorer Meriwether Lewis, born August 18, 1774 in Virginia, is best known as the co-captain of the historic Lewis and Clark Expedition. But in addition to his role as a famed explorer, he was a young plantation owner, a committed military man, a controversial politician, and a confidant of President Jefferson. Lewis died in 1809 of gun shot wounds while en route to Washington, D.C., a trip he undertook with the intentions of clearing his muddled name. Fast Facts: Meriwether Lewis Occupation: Explorer, Governor of Louisiana TerritoryBorn: August 18, 1774,  Albemarle County, VADied: October 11, 1809, near Nashville, TNLegacy: The Lewis and Clark Expedition traversed the country through nearly 8,000 miles, helping consolidate Americas claims to the West. The explorers produced over 140 maps, collected over 200 samples of new plant and animal species, and established peaceful relations with 70 Native American tribes along the way.Famous Quote: As we passed on, it seemed as if those scenes of visionary enchantment would never have an end. Adolescent Planter Meriwether Lewis was born at Locust Hill plantation in Albemarle County, Virginia, on August 18, 1774. He was the eldest of five children born to Lt. William Lewis and Lucy Meriwether Lewis. William Lewis died of pneumonia in 1779 when Meriwether was just five years old. Within six months, Lucy Lewis married Captain John Marks and the new family left Virginia for Georgia. Life on what was then the frontier appealed to young Meriwether, who learned how to hunt and forage on long treks through the wilderness. When he was about 13 years old, he was sent back to Virginia for schooling and to learn the rudiments of running Locust Hill. By 1791, his stepfather had died and Lewis moved his twice-widowed mother and siblings home to Albemarle, where he worked to build a financially stable home for his family and over two dozen slaves. As he grew to maturity, cousin Peachy Gilmer described the young plantation owner as â€Å"formal and almost without flexibility,† determined to the point of obstinacy and filled with â€Å"self-possession and undaunted courage.† Captain Lewis Lewis seemed destined for the life of an obscure Virginia planter when he found a new path. A year after joining the local militia in 1793, he was among the 13,000 militiamen called up by President George Washington to put down the Whiskey Rebellion, an uprising of farmers and distillers in Pennsylvania protesting high taxes. Military life appealed to him, and in 1795 he joined the nascent U.S. Army as an ensign. Soon thereafter, he befriended another Virginia-born officer named William Clark.   In 1801, Captain Lewis was appointed as an aide to incoming President Thomas Jefferson. A fellow Albemarle County planter, Jefferson had known Lewis all his life and admired the younger man’s skills and intellect. Lewis served in this post for the next three years. Jefferson had long dreamt of seeing a major expedition across the American continent, and with the signing of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, he was able to win funding and support for an expedition to explore and map the new territory to find â€Å"the most direct and practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce. Meriwether Lewis was a logical choice to lead the expedition. â€Å"It was impossible to find a character who to a complete science in botany, natural history, mineralogy astronomy, joined the firmness of constitution character, prudence, habits adapted to the woods a familiarity with the Indian manners and character, requisite for this undertaking,† Jefferson wrote. â€Å"All the latter qualifications Capt. Lewis has.† Lewis chose William Clark as his co-captain and they recruited the best men they could find for what promised to be an arduous multi-year trek. Lewis and Clark and their 33-man Corps of Discovery left from Camp Dubois in present-day Illinois on May 14, 1804. Map of the Northwestern United States depicts the route taken by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their first expedition from the Missouri River (near St. Louis, Missouri) to the mouth of the Columbia River (at the Pacific Ocean in Oregon), and their return trip, 1804-1806. (Photo by Stock Montage/Getty Images) Over the next two years, four months, and 10 days, the Corps of Discovery covered nearly 8,000 miles to the Pacific coast and back, arriving in St. Louis in early September 1806. Altogether, the expedition created over 140 maps, collected over 200 samples of new plant and animal species, and made contact with over 70 Native American tribes. Governor Lewis Back home in Virginia, Lewis and Clark each received about $4,500 in pay (equivalent to about $90,000 today) and 1,500 acres of land in recognition of their accomplishment. In March 1807, Lewis was appointed governor of the Louisiana Territory and Clark was appointed general of the territorial militia and Agent for Indian Affairs. They arrived in St. Louis in early 1808. In St. Louis, Lewis built a house big enough for himself, William Clark, and Clark’s new bride. As governor, he negotiated treaties with local tribes and tried to bring order to the region. However, his work was undermined by political enemies, who spread rumors that he was mismanaging the territory. Lewis also found himself deeply in debt. In carrying out his duties as governor, he accrued nearly $9,000 in debts- equivalent to $180,000 today. His creditors began to call in his debts before Congress approved his reimbursements. In early September 1809, Lewis set out for Washington, in the hopes of clearing his name and winning his money. Accompanied by his servant, John Pernier, Lewis planned to boat down the Mississippi to New Orleans and sail along the coast to Virginia. Stopped by illness at Fort Pickering, near present-day Memphis, Tennessee, he decided to make the rest of the trip overland, following a wilderness path called the Natchez Trace. On October 11, 1809, Lewis died of gunshot wounds at an isolated tavern known as Grinder’s Stand, about 70 miles southwest of Nashville.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Murder or Suicide? Word quickly spread that the 35-year-old Lewis had committed suicide as the result of depression. Back in St. Louis, William Clark wrote to Jefferson: â€Å"I fear the weight of his mind has overcome him.† But there were lingering questions over what had occurred at Grinder’s Stand on the night of October 10 and 11, with rumors that Lewis had, in fact, been murdered. Over 200 years later, researchers are still divided on how Lewis died. For decades, descendants of the explorer have sought to have his remains exhumed for examination  by forensic experts to see if they can determine if his wounds were self-inflicted or not. To date, their requests have been denied. Sources Danisi, Thomas C.  Meriwether Lewis. New York: Prometheus Books, 2009.Guice, John D.W. Jay H. Buckley. By His Own Hand?:  The Mysterious Death of Meriwether Lewis. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.Stroud, Patricia Tyson. Bitterroot:  The Life and Death of Meriwether Lewis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.

Booktalking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Booktalking - Essay Example This is like a trailer of a movie-the good snippets to get their attention Type B : The Discussion: This kind of booktalk generally begins by the booktalker asking a few questions of The questions generally summon them to step into the character's shoes and draws out answer in the form of yes or no from them. From here on he moves to discuss an interesting scene or plot from the book intermittingly asking the questions to build up the audience's interest. Type C: First person: This requires acting skill on the part of booktalker as he becomes one of the characters from the book. No reading from the book .He becomes an actor and plays the character himself Its human nature not to be satisfied with what one has. Some of us wish for longer hair, the ones with long hair would like to have straight hair, people with straight hair would ask for curls .the wishes are endless. But imagine if your wishes are granted and you get a chance to change your looks. Yes, the character of our first book, Tally, is a teenager who definitely is getting such an opportunity .She basically lives in this town called Uglyville, where all the "Uglies" live .Now this town is a strange one. Strange in the sense that when some inhabitants of this town turn sixteen he or she undergoes an operation that changes the physical attributes of him or her completely. Pre operation they are Ugly (as all the inhabitants of this town are) and post operation they are pretty and are transported to another town, which has all pretty people and where fun never ends. Now Tally has still two months to wait before she gets a make over. But she cannot wait .she plans to spy on the newly turned pretties. She sneaks into their town and meets Shay. Now Shay is also ugly, but he is smart, adventurous and full of life .He shares his birthday with Tally and is lined up to turn pretty on the same date as her. They hit off very well. He talks to tally about a town where they can live as they are. No operations, no makeovers for the uglies of that town. Shay has now become very close friend of Tally, but she is now torn between two choices,.first one to turn pretty and .second to be with shay who doesn't want to turn pretty. So what would you do had you been in her shoes Turn pretty or be with Shay and be happy with your status quo. What if you opt for choose one but to reap its dividend you have to betray your best friend. What would you do TRANSITION: A tough decision indeed lets read the book to find out what Tally does .Did she betray Shay Did she turn pretty Meanwhile lets move on to the next book in which we have another girl Ursula Riggs who is rendered emotionless because of being Ugly. This is a first person booktalk and for next five to ten minutes I am Ursula Riggs of BIG MOUTH & UGLY GIRL I am Ursula Riggs and "Since that day I woke up and knew I wasn't an ugly girl, I was Ugly Girl" so you can chose to call me an "Ugly Girl" .I am a loner and have fierce eyes. People often find me as staring directly into their eyes .I don't know whether I do it consciously or it's just an illusion. Whatever be the case I am least bothered. . I am a student of high school and unlike other children of my age I have no time for dating, friends and other petty things .I would rather play basketball and mind my own

Google Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Google Inc - Essay Example In other words, the Chinese clientele cannot access information that is deemed objectionable by the Chinese government. The major problems that Google faces are from US Justice Department, American legal department, its international clients and global forums like human right groups and free press. Its digression from its core mission and vision of ‘don’t be evil’ has adversely impacted its credibility and image in the international market. Google’s business strategy in China is seen as a support for repressive regime that is against human rights and freedom of people, including press. Brin, Page and Schmidt need to evolve new strategies to work in China so that their core business mission of providing full access to information is not compromised. While China is high potential business venue, the company must realize that its business strategy is fundamentally based on free access to information that true, well researched and comes from highly credible sources. In the long run, there are great chances of it getting boomeranged on its rest of the global market who would rather go in for organizations that promote common global causes and are stable in their principles and ideologies. If the negotiation for more freedom fails, they should remove their business from China and focus on other developing nations. Brynn Harris, Brynn and Ogilvy, Allison. (2007). Google: Entrance into the Chinese Market and Government Censorship. Eugene D. Fanning Center for Business Communication, Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame. Case Study Competition

How Cleanliness Affects the Life of an Individual Essay Example for Free

How Cleanliness Affects the Life of an Individual Essay The significance of cleanliness and hygiene cannot be overlooked by any society. Every faith and civilisation stresses the importance of cleanliness. Historically, cleanliness has been considered one of the important factors by which to judge a civilisation’s or society’s development. Islam places great emphasis on cleanliness and purity, both physically and spiritually. In Islam, spiritual purity is linked to physical cleanliness and purity. More impor tantly, cleanliness is termed an indispensable fundamental of faith. However, this fundamental and powerful tenet of our faith, unfortunately, is not reflected in our society practically. Serious reflection is required on our individual as well as collective practices in order to make this valuable principle of Islam part of our lives. There are many verses in the Holy Quran which reflect the importance of cleanliness. For example, Allah says â€Å"†¦Truly, Allah loves those who turn to Him constantly and He loves those who keep themselves pure and clean† (2:222). In the Quran worship and seeking Allah’s love is conditioned with cleanliness and purity as the Holy Book says â€Å"†¦In it [mosque] are men who love to clean and to purify themselves. And Allah loves those who make themselves clean and pure† (9:108). Furthermore, in one of his sayings the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has termed cleanliness as half of faith. The above few examples from the Holy Quran and sayings of the Holy Prophet reveal that without cleanliness of our body and environment, one cannot receive the proximity of Allah spiritually and most importantly, faith cannot be completed in the absence of cleanliness and purity. Much is said rhetorically about cleanliness in our society but practically its application is missing. A quick observation can reveal how insensitive a culture we have developed regarding cleanliness and hygiene. Throwing garbage in the streets, roads or parks has become a common practice in our society. In public places dustbins are seldom found. Even if dustbins are installed, people do not use them properly. Rather, they prefer to throw garbage outside them. It is also observed that people clean their homes and shops and throw the garbage on the street without considering its implications. It is evident that even students of elite schools throw garbage on the ground even in the presence of garbage bins. This shows our attitude towards cleanliness and hygiene. Another habit that is commonly found in our society is spitting openly. People spit paan from running vehicles without considering the pedestrians walking on the road. This practice not only affects the environment but is also an eyesore. Another area that needs consideration is the horrible condition of public toilets. The shortage of public toilets is a big challenge, hence people are compelled to use open spaces to answer the call of nature. The toilets that do exist are in such pathetic condition that one cannot use them. There are many other examples which can be cited to indicate the pathetic condition of cleanliness and hygiene in our society. Hence, conscious efforts are needed to tackle this issue. There is a dire need to educate and sensitise people about the importance of cleanliness in light of our faith. In this regard social institutions such as educational institutions, the media and religious institutions can play a vital role. It is essential to provide civic education in order to train the younger generations of a society. In Pakistan, the education system needs to transform its practices. Teaching and learning material regarding cleanliness and hygiene should be included in the curriculum and textbooks. Educational institutions should demonstrate cleanliness in their premises. To train young people schools should involve students in cleaning their schools, homes and environment and highlight proper sanitary practices. The use of dustbins should be strictly followed in the school premises. Secondly, the media can be a powerful source to educate and sensitise the masses about the importance of cleanliness and disadvantages of an unhygienic way of life. It should focus on both the good as well as unhygienic practices in our society. Thirdly, religious institutions such as mosques and madressahs can also play their part in educating the people about the importance of cleanliness in the light of Islamic teachings. Furthermore, the role and commitment of the government cannot be overlooked in maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in society. The government’s will is very crucial in making policies and implementing them at the grass-roots level. The government can play an important role in cleaning areas, installing dustbins, collecting garbage and enforcing laws against littering etc. The importance of cleanliness cannot be ignored in individual as well as communal life. On one hand it is an important factor for human health and spiritual development; on the other hand it is essential for environmental development. By adopting a clean and hygienic lifestyle, a valuable amount can also be saved where health issues are concerned. A clean and healthy life helps in refining the culture of a society and reflects in every aspect of life such as art, architecture, food, music and so on. Ultimately, it leads towards a higher level of civilisation. Islam has put unique emphasis on the importance of cleanliness by making it a part of faith. Hence, there is a dire need to make conscious efforts in educating the people about the importance of cleanliness. In this regard, serious steps are required at multiple levels to make this precious value of our faith part of our individual and collective lives. Cleanliness  is both the  abstract  state of being clean and free from  dirt, and the process of achieving and maintaining that state. Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality, as indicated by the  aphorism  cleanliness is next to  godliness,[1]  and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as  health  andbeauty. In emphasizing an ongoing procedure or set of habits for the purpose of maintenance and prevention, the concept of cleanliness differs from  purity[disambiguation needed], which is a physical, moral, or ritual state of freedom from pollutants. Whereas purity is usually a quality of an individual or substance, cleanliness has a social dimension, or implies a system of interactions. [2]  Cleanliness, observed  Jacob Burckhardt, is indispensable to our modern notion of social perfection. [3]  A household or workplace may be said to exhibit cleanliness, but not ordinarily purity; cleanliness also would be a characteristic of the people who maintain cleanness or prevent dirtying. On a practical level, cleanliness is thus related to  hygiene  and disease prevention. Washing  is one way of achieving physical cleanliness, usually with  water  and often some kind of  soap  ordetergent. Procedures of cleanliness are of utmost importance in many forms of manufacturing. As an assertion of moral superiority or respectability, cleanliness has played a role in establishing cultural values in relation to  social class,  humanitarianism, and  cultural imperialism.

Heart of Darkness - A Reform Piece or Racist Trash? Essay -- HOD Josep

Heart of Darkness - Reform Piece or Racist Trash?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1890, Joseph Conrad spent four months as a steamship captain in the Congo. Like his character Marlow, Conrad became both physically ill and greatly disturbed as a result of his experiences. The Congo haunted Conrad, and despite the fact that he spent relatively little of his time there, he felt compelled to write about his experiences years later.1    Indeed, the Congo had a profound influence on Conrad. While there he met Roger Casement who was to become a life long friend and ally in the campaign against Leopold II. Conrad's experience was much like Marlow's. As a young man, Conrad would look at maps and desired to journey to the as yet unexplored Congo, much the same way Marlow did. He was the captain of a steamboat that traveled between Stanley Falls and Leopoldville. Like Marlow, he also became very ill as a result of his travels. While in the region he kept a daily diary that would aid him in future work. Conrad originally wrote a short story about his experiences in the Congo, but later decided that a slightly longer work would be necessary to deal with the topic.2 Out of this profound influence came a profound novella, Heart of Darkness, which was published in 1902 at the height of the Congo controversy.    Heart of Darkness painted a very dark picture of the Congo. It is no surprise that there is so much dark imagery in Heart of Darkness, Conrad adequately described the tone of the Congo. Kurtz can be seen as a white man who set out for the Congo, like so many others, in an effort to "civilize" the inhabitants of the region. In the end though, it's Kurtz who is the most savage. Kurtz could be a representative of any of the members of the For... ...on different races have improved. That there even is a debate would indicate that people today are more aware of issues of racism than they were in 1902.    Works Cited (1), (2), (6) Forbath, Peter. The River Congo. Harper & Row Publishers. New York. 1977. (3) Widmer, Kingsley. "Joseph Conrad". Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 34. Gale Research Company. Detroit. 1985 (4) Watts, Cedric. Conrad's "Heart of Darkness": A Critical and Contextual Discussion. Mursia International. 1977. (5) Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. London. 1991. (7), (8), (9), (10), (12) Achebe, Chinua. Hopes and Impediments, Selected Essays. Doubleday. New York. 1977. (11), (13) Sarvan, C.P. " Racism and the 'Heart of Darkness'". The International Fiction Review. winter, 1980. International Fiction Association.      

The Lost Symbol Chapter 40-43

CHAPTER 40 What's taking Trish so long? Katherine Solomon checked her watch again. She'd forgotten to warn Dr. Abaddon about the bizarre commute to her lab, but she couldn't imagine the darkness had slowed them down this much. They should have arrived by now. Katherine walked over to the exit and heaved open the lead-lined door, staring out into the void. She listened for a moment, but heard nothing. â€Å"Trish?† she called out, her voice swallowed by the darkness. Silence. Puzzled, she closed the door, took out her cell phone, and called the lobby. â€Å"This is Katherine. Is Trish out there?† â€Å"No, ma'am,† the lobby guard said. â€Å"She and your guest headed back about ten minutes ago.† â€Å"Really? I don't think they're even inside Pod Five yet.† â€Å"Hold on. I'll check.† Katherine could hear the guard's fingers clicking on his computer keyboard. â€Å"You're right. According to Ms. Dunne's key-card logs, she has not yet opened the Pod Five door. Her last access event was about eight minutes ago . . . at Pod Three. I guess she's giving your guest a little tour on his way in.† Katherine frowned. Apparently. The news was a bit odd, but at least she knew Trish wouldn't be long in Pod 3. The smell in there is terrible. â€Å"Thanks. Has my brother arrived yet?† â€Å"No, ma'am, not yet.† â€Å"Thank you.† As Katherine hung up, she felt an unexpected twinge of trepidation. The uneasy feeling made her pause, but only for a moment. It was the same exact disquiet she'd felt earlier when she stepped into Dr. Abaddon's house. Embarrassingly, her feminine intuition had failed her there. Badly. It's nothing, Katherine told herself. CHAPTER 41 Robert Langdon studied the stone pyramid. This isn't possible. â€Å"An ancient encoded language,† Sato said without looking up. â€Å"Tell me, does this qualify?† On the newly exposed face of the pyramid, a series of sixteen characters was precisely engraved into the smooth stone. Beside Langdon, Anderson's mouth now gaped open, mirroring Langdon's own shock. The security chief looked like he had just seen some kind of alien keypad. â€Å"Professor?† Sato said. â€Å"I assume you can read this?† Langdon turned. â€Å"Why would you assume that?† â€Å"Because you were brought here, Professor. You were chosen. This inscription appears to be a code of some sort, and considering your reputation, it seems obvious to me that you were brought here to decipher it.† Langdon had to admit that after his experiences in Rome and Paris, he'd received a steady flow of requests asking for his help deciphering some of history's great unsolved codes–the Phaistos Disk, the Dorabella Cipher, the mysterious Voynich Manuscript. Sato ran her finger over the inscription. â€Å"Can you tell me the meaning of these icons?† They're not icons, Langdon thought. They're symbols. The language was one he had recognized immediately–an encrypted cipher language from the seventeenth century. Langdon knew very well how to break it. â€Å"Ma'am,† he said, feeling hesitant, â€Å"this pyramid is Peter's private property.† â€Å"Private or not, if this code is indeed the reason you were brought to Washington, I am not giving you a choice in the matter. I want to know what it says.† Sato's BlackBerry pinged loudly, and she yanked the device from her pocket, studying the incoming message for several moments. Langdon was amazed that the Capitol Building's internal wireless network provided service this far down. Sato grunted and raised her eyebrows, giving Langdon an odd look. â€Å"Chief Anderson?† she said, turning to him. â€Å"A word in private, if I may?† The director motioned for Anderson to join her, and they disappeared into the pitch-black hallway, leaving Langdon alone in the flickering candlelight of Peter's Chamber of Reflection. Chief Anderson wondered when this night would end. A severed hand in my Rotunda? A death shrine in my basement? Bizarre engravings on a stone pyramid? Somehow, the Redskins game no longer felt significant. As he followed Sato into the darkness of the hall, Anderson flicked on his flashlight. The beam was weak but better than nothing. Sato led him down the hall a few yards, out of sight of Langdon. â€Å"Have a look at this,† she whispered, handing Anderson her BlackBerry. Anderson took the device and squinted at the illuminated screen. It displayed a black-and-white image–the X-ray of Langdon's bag that Anderson had requested be sent to Sato. As in all X- rays, the objects of greatest density appeared in the brightest white. In Langdon's bag, a lone item outshone everything else. Obviously extremely dense, the object glowed like a dazzling jewel in a murky jumble of other items. Its shape was unmistakable. He's been carrying that all night? Anderson looked over at Sato in surprise. â€Å"Why didn't Langdon mention this?† â€Å"Damned good question,† Sato whispered. â€Å"The shape . . . it can't be coincidence.† â€Å"No,† Sato said, her tone angry now. â€Å"I would say not.† A faint rustle in the corridor drew Anderson's attention. Startled, he pointed his flashlight down the black passageway. The dying beam revealed only a deserted corridor, lined with open doors. â€Å"Hello?† Anderson said. â€Å"Is somebody there?† Silence. Sato gave him an odd look, apparently having heard nothing. Anderson listened a moment longer and then shook it off. I've got to get out of here. Alone in the candlelit chamber, Langdon ran his fingers over the sharply carved edges of the pyramid's engraving. He was curious to know what the message said, and yet he was not about to intrude on Peter Solomon's privacy any more than they already had. And why would this lunatic care about this small pyramid anyway? â€Å"We have a problem, Professor,† Sato's voice declared loudly behind him. â€Å"I've just received a new piece of information, and I've had enough of your lies.† Langdon turned to see the OS director marching in, BlackBerry in hand and fire in her eyes. Taken aback, Langdon looked to Anderson for help, but the chief was now standing guard at the door, his expression unsympathetic. Sato arrived in front of Langdon and thrust her BlackBerry in his face. Bewildered, Langdon looked at the screen, which displayed an inverted black-and-white photograph, like a ghostly film negative. The photo looked like a jumble of objects, and one of them shone very brightly. Though askew and off center, the brightest object was clearly a little, pointed pyramid. A tiny pyramid? Langdon looked at Sato. â€Å"What is this?† The question seemed only to incense Sato further. â€Å"You're pretending you don't know?† Langdon's temper flared. â€Å"I'm not pretending anything! I've never seen this before in my life!† â€Å"Bullshit!† Sato snapped, her voice cutting through the musty air. â€Å"You've been carrying it in your bag all night!† â€Å"I–† Langdon stalled midsentence. His eyes moved slowly down to the daybag on his shoulder. Then he raised them again to the BlackBerry. My God . . . the package. He looked more closely at the image. Now he saw it. A ghostly cube, enclosing the pyramid. Stunned, Langdon realized he was looking at an X-ray of his bag . . . and also of Peter's mysterious cube-shaped package. The cube was, in fact, a hollow box . . . a small pyramid. Langdon opened his mouth to speak, but his words failed him. He felt the breath go out of his lungs as a new revelation struck him. Simple. Pure. Devastating. My God. He looked back at the truncated stone pyramid on the desk. Its apex was flat–a small square area–a blank space symbolically awaiting its final piece . . . that piece which would transform it from an Unfinished Pyramid into a True Pyramid. Langdon now realized the tiny pyramid he was carrying was not a pyramid at all. It's a capstone. At that instant, he knew why he alone could unlock the mysteries of this pyramid. I hold the final piece. And it is indeed . . . a talisman. When Peter had told Langdon the package contained a talisman, Langdon had laughed. Now he realized his friend was right. This tiny capstone was a talisman, but not the magic kind . . . the far older kind. Long before talisman had magical connotations, it had another meaning– â€Å"completion.† From the Greek telesma, meaning â€Å"complete,† a talisman was any object or idea that completed another and made it whole. The finishing element. A capstone, symbolically speaking, was the ultimate talisman, transforming the Unfinished Pyramid into a symbol of completed perfection. Langdon now felt an eerie convergence that forced him to accept one very strange truth: with the exception of its size, the stone pyramid in Peter's Chamber of Reflection seemed to be transforming itself, bit by bit, into something vaguely resembling the Masonic Pyramid of legend. From the brightness with which the capstone shone on the X-ray, Langdon suspected it was made of metal . . . a very dense metal. Whether or not it was solid gold, he had no way of knowing, and he was not about to let his mind start playing tricks on him. This pyramid is too small. The code's too easy to read. And . . . it's a myth, for heaven's sake! Sato was watching him. â€Å"For a bright man, Professor, you've made some dumb choices tonight. Lying to an intelligence director? Intentionally obstructing a CIA investigation?† â€Å"I can explain, if you'll let me.† â€Å"You will be explaining at CIA headquarters. As of this moment, I am detaining you.† Langdon's body went rigid. â€Å"You can't possibly be serious.† â€Å"Deadly serious. I made it very clear to you that the stakes tonight were high, and you chose not to cooperate. I strongly suggest you start thinking about explaining the inscription on this pyramid, because when we arrive at the CIA . . .† She raised her BlackBerry and took a close-up snapshot of the engraving on the stone pyramid. â€Å"My analysts will have had a head start.† Langdon opened his mouth to protest, but Sato was already turning to Anderson at the door. â€Å"Chief,† she said, â€Å"put the stone pyramid in Langdon's bag and carry it. I'll handle taking Mr. Langdon into custody. Your weapon, if I may?† Anderson was stone-faced as he advanced into the chamber, unsnapping his shoulder holster as he came. He gave his gun to Sato, who immediately aimed it at Langdon. Langdon watched as if in a dream. This cannot be happening. Anderson now came to Langdon and removed the daybag from his shoulder, carrying it over to the desk and setting it on the chair. He unzipped the bag, propped it open, and then hoisted the heavy stone pyramid off the desk and into the bag, along with Langdon's notes and the tiny package. Suddenly there was a rustle of movement in the hallway. A dark outline of a man materialized in the doorway, rushing into the chamber and approaching fast behind Anderson. The chief never saw him coming. In an instant, the stranger had lowered his shoulder and crashed into Anderson's back. The chief launched forward, his head cracking into the edge of the stone niche. He fell hard, crumpling on the desk, sending bones and artifacts flying. The hourglass shattered on the floor. The candle toppled to the floor, still burning. Sato reeled amid the chaos, raising the gun, but the intruder grabbed a femur and lashed out with it, striking her shoulder with the leg bone. Sato let out a cry of pain and fell back, dropping the weapon. The newcomer kicked the gun away and then wheeled toward Langdon. The man was tall and slender, an elegant African American whom Langdon had never seen before in his life. â€Å"Grab the pyramid!† the man commanded. â€Å"Follow me!† CHAPTER 42 The African American man leading Langdon through the Capitol's subterranean maze was clearly someone of power. Beyond knowing his way through all the side corridors and back rooms, the elegant stranger carried a key ring that seemed to unlock every door that blocked their way. Langdon followed, quickly running up an unfamiliar staircase. As they climbed, he felt the leather strap of his daybag cutting hard into his shoulder. The stone pyramid was so heavy that Langdon feared the bag's strap might break. The past few minutes defied all logic, and now Langdon found himself moving on instinct alone. His gut told him to trust this stranger. Beyond saving Langdon from Sato's arrest, the man had taken dangerous action to protect Peter Solomon's mysterious pyramid. Whatever the pyramid may be. While his motivation remained a mystery, Langdon had glimpsed a telltale shimmer of gold on the man's hand–a Masonic ring–the double-headed phoenix and the number 33. This man and Peter Solomon were more than trusted friends. They were Masonic brothers of the highest degree. Langdon followed him to the top of the stairs, into another corridor, and then through an unmarked door into a utilitarian hallway. They ran past supply boxes and bags of garbage, veering off suddenly through a service door that deposited them in an utterly unexpected world–a plush movie theater of some sort. The older man led the way up the side aisle and out the main doors into the light of a large atrium. Langdon now realized they were in the visitor center through which he had entered earlier tonight. Unfortunately, so was a Capitol police officer. As they came face-to-face with the officer, all three men stopped, staring at one another. Langdon recognized the young Hispanic officer from the X-ray machine earlier tonight. â€Å"Officer Nunez,† the African American man said. â€Å"Not a word. Follow me.† The guard looked uneasy but obeyed without question. Who is this guy? The three of them hurried toward the southeast corner of the visitor center, where they arrived at a small foyer and a set of heavy doors blocked with orange pylons. The doors were sealed with masking tape, apparently to keep the dust of whatever was happening beyond out of the visitor center. The man reached up and peeled off the tape on the door. Then he flipped through his key ring as he spoke to the guard. â€Å"Our friend Chief Anderson is in the subbasement. He may be injured. You'll want to check on him.† â€Å"Yes, sir.† Nunez looked as baffled as he did alarmed. â€Å"Most important, you did not see us.† The man found a key, took it off the key ring, and used it to turn the heavy dead bolt. He pulled open the steel door and tossed the key to the guard. â€Å"Lock this door behind us. Put the tape back on as best as you can. Pocket the key and say nothing. To anyone. Including the chief. Is that clear, Officer Nunez?† The guard eyed the key as if he'd just been entrusted with a precious gem. â€Å"It is, sir.† The man hurried through the door, and Langdon followed. The guard locked the heavy bolt behind them, and Langdon could hear him re-applying the masking tape. â€Å"Professor Langdon,† the man said as they strode briskly down a modern-looking corridor that was obviously under construction. â€Å"My name is Warren Bellamy. Peter Solomon is a dear friend of mine.† Langdon shot a startled glance at the stately man. You're Warren Bellamy? Langdon had never met the Architect of the Capitol, but he certainly knew the man's name. â€Å"Peter speaks very highly of you,† Bellamy said, â€Å"and I'm sorry we are meeting under these dreadful circumstances.† â€Å"Peter is in terrible trouble. His hand . . .† â€Å"I know.† Bellamy sounded grim. â€Å"That's not the half of it, I'm afraid.† They reached the end of the lit section of corridor, and the passageway took an abrupt left. The remaining length of corridor, wherever it went, was pitch-black. â€Å"Hold on,† Bellamy said, disappearing into a nearby electrical room from which a tangle of heavy-duty orange extension cords snaked out, running away from them into the darkness of the corridor. Langdon waited while Bellamy rooted around inside. The Architect must have located the switch that sent power to the extension cords, because suddenly the route before them became illuminated. Langdon could only stare. Washington, D.C.–like Rome–was a city laced with secret passageways and underground tunnels. The passage before them now reminded Langdon of the passetto tunnel connecting the Vatican to Castel Sant'Angelo. Long. Dark. Narrow. Unlike the ancient passetto, however, this passage was modern and not yet complete. It was a slender construction zone that was so long it seemed to narrow to nothing at its distant end. The only lighting was a string of intermittent construction bulbs that did little more than accentuate the tunnel's impossible length. Bellamy was already heading down the passage. â€Å"Follow me. Watch your step.† Langdon felt himself fall into step behind Bellamy, wondering where on earth this tunnel led. At that moment, Mal'akh stepped out of Pod 3 and strode briskly down the deserted main corridor of the SMSC toward Pod 5. He clutched Trish's key card in his hand and quietly whispered, â€Å"Zero-eight-zero-four.† Something else was cycling through his mind as well. Mal'akh had just received an urgent message from the Capitol Building. My contact has run into unforeseen difficulties. Even so, the news remained encouraging: Robert Langdon now possessed both the pyramid and the capstone. Despite the unexpected way in which it had happened, the crucial pieces were falling into place. It was almost as if destiny itself were guiding tonight's events, ensuring Mal'akh's victory. CHAPTER 43 Langdon hurried to keep pace with Warren Bellamy's brisk footsteps as they moved without a word down the long tunnel. So far, the Architect of the Capitol appeared far more intent on putting distance between Sato and this stone pyramid than he did on explaining to Langdon what was going on. Langdon had a growing apprehension that there was far more going on than he could imagine. The CIA? The Architect of the Capitol? Two Thirty-third-degree Masons? The shrill sound of Langdon's cell phone cut the air. He pulled his phone from his jacket. Uncertain, he answered. â€Å"Hello?† The voice that spoke was an eerie, familiar whisper. â€Å"Professor, I hear you had unexpected company.† Langdon felt an icy chill. â€Å"Where the hell is Peter?!† he demanded, his words reverberating in the enclosed tunnel. Beside him, Warren Bellamy glanced over, looking concerned and motioning for Langdon to keep walking. â€Å"Don't worry,† the voice said. â€Å"As I told you, Peter is somewhere safe.† â€Å"You cut off his hand, for God's sake! He needs a doctor!† â€Å"He needs a priest,† the man replied. â€Å"But you can save him. If you do as I command, Peter will live. I give you my word.† â€Å"The word of a madman means nothing to me.† â€Å"Madman? Professor, surely you appreciate the reverence with which I have adhered to the ancient protocols tonight. The Hand of the Mysteries guided you to a portal–the pyramid that promises to unveil ancient wisdom. I know you now possess it.† â€Å"You think this is the Masonic Pyramid?† Langdon demanded. â€Å"It's a chunk of rock.† There was silence on the other end of the line. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, you're too smart to play dumb. You know very well what you've uncovered tonight. A stone pyramid . . . hidden at the core of Washington, D.C. . . . by a powerful Mason?† â€Å"You're chasing a myth! Whatever Peter told you, he told you in fear. The Legend of the Masonic Pyramid is fiction. The Masons never built any pyramid to protect secret wisdom. And even if they did, this pyramid is far too small to be what you think it is.† The man chuckled. â€Å"I see Peter has told you very little. Nonetheless, Mr. Langdon, whether or not you choose to accept what it is you now possess, you will do as I say. I am well aware that the pyramid you are carrying has an encrypted engraving. You will decipher that engraving for me. Then, and only then, will I return Peter Solomon to you.† â€Å"Whatever you believe this engraving reveals,† Langdon said, â€Å"it won't be the Ancient Mysteries.† â€Å"Of course not,† he replied. â€Å"The mysteries are far too vast to be written on the side of a little stone pyramid.† The response caught Langdon off guard. â€Å"But if this engraving is not the Ancient Mysteries, then this pyramid is not the Masonic Pyramid. Legend clearly states the Masonic Pyramid was constructed to protect the Ancient Mysteries.† The man's tone was condescending now. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, the Masonic Pyramid was constructed to preserve the Ancient Mysteries, but with a twist you've apparently not yet grasped. Did Peter never tell you? The power of the Masonic Pyramid is not that it reveals the mysteries themselves . . . but rather that it reveals the secret location where the mysteries are buried.† Langdon did a double take. â€Å"Decipher the engraving,† the voice continued, â€Å"and it will tell you the hiding place of mankind's greatest treasure.† He laughed. â€Å"Peter did not entrust you with the treasure itself, Professor.† Langdon came to an abrupt halt in the tunnel. â€Å"Hold on. You're saying this pyramid is . . . a map? † Bellamy jolted to a stop now, too, his expression one of shock and alarm. Clearly, the caller had just hit a raw nerve. The pyramid is a map. â€Å"This map,† the voice whispered, â€Å"or pyramid, or portal, or whatever you choose to call it . . . was created long ago to ensure the hiding place of the Ancient Mysteries would never be forgotten . . . that it would never be lost to history.† â€Å"A grid of sixteen symbols doesn't look much like a map.† â€Å"Appearances can be deceiving, Professor. But regardless, you alone have the power to read that inscription.† â€Å"You're wrong,† Langdon fired back, picturing the simplistic cipher. â€Å"Anyone could decipher this engraving. It's not very sophisticated.† â€Å"I suspect there is more to the pyramid than meets the eye. Regardless, you alone possess the capstone.† Langdon pictured the little capstone in his bag. Order from chaos? He didn't know what to believe anymore, but the stone pyramid in his bag seemed to be getting heavier with every passing moment. Mal'akh pressed the cell phone to his ear, enjoying the sound of Langdon's anxious breathing on the other end. â€Å"Right now, I have business to attend to, Professor, and so do you. Call me as soon as you have deciphered the map. We will go together to the hiding place and make our trade. Peter's life . . . for all the wisdom of the ages.† â€Å"I will do nothing,† Langdon declared. â€Å"Especially not without proof Peter is alive.† â€Å"I suggest you not test me. You are a very small cog in a vast machine. If you disobey me, or attempt to find me, Peter will die. This I swear.† â€Å"For all I know, Peter is already dead.† â€Å"He is very much alive, Professor, but he desperately needs your help.† â€Å"What are you really looking for?† Langdon shouted into the phone. Mal'akh paused before answering. â€Å"Many people have pursued the Ancient Mysteries and debated their power. Tonight, I will prove the mysteries are real.† Langdon was silent. â€Å"I suggest you get to work on the map immediately,† Mal'akh said. â€Å"I need this information today.† â€Å"Today?! It's already after nine o'clock!† â€Å"Exactly. Tempus fugit.†

Types And Causes Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Pollution is the beginning of a waste into the ambiance doing it impossible to do life on Earth possible to prolong. Pollution is the debut of a contamination into the environment. It is created largely by human actions, but can besides be a consequence of natural catastrophes. Pollution has a damaging consequence on any living being in an environment, doing it virtually impossible to prolong life. Pollution harms the Earth ‘s environment and its people in many ways. Presence of affair ( gas, liquid, solid ) or energy ( heat, noise, radiation ) whose nature, location, or measure straight or indirectly alters features or procedures of any portion of the environment, and causes ( or has the possible to do ) harm to the status, wellness, safety, or public assistance of animate beings, worlds, workss, or belongings. The debut of contaminations into a natural environment that causes instability, upset, injury or uncomfortableness to theA ecosystem i.e. Physical systems or populating organisms.A Pollution can take the signifier ofA chemical substancesA orA energy, such as noise, heat, or visible radiation. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or of course happening ; when of course happening, they are considered contaminations when they exceed natural degrees. Pollution is frequently classed asA point sourceA orA nonpoint beginning pollution. There are two types of the cause of pollution, natural and man-made. Natural pollution occurs of course and wo n't do inordinate injury to our lives due to its regeneration ability. While the semisynthetic pollution is caused by human activities, and hard to acquire rid of. The anchors of semisynthetic pollution are human population and engineering. Naturally human needs contact to the environment, we get resources fro m nature. This is for the interest of life. By the addition of human population, the contact is acquiring more intensive, because demands are increasing. And by the findings and development of new engineerings, human can use them to acquire the resources. And it ‘s common that new engineerings would convey their several side effects besides their advantages.TYPES OF POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION NOISE POLLUTION LIGHT POLLUTION LAND POLLUTION MARINE POLLUTION THERMAL POLLUTION SHIP POLLUTION RADIATION POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTIONAir pollution is the accretion of risky substances into the ambiance that danger human life and other life affair. Air pollutionA is the debut ofA chemicals, A particulate affair, orA biological materialsA that cause injury or uncomfortableness to worlds or other life beings, or amendss theA natural environmentA into theA atmosphere. The ambiance is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is indispensable to back up life on planetA Earth.A StratosphericA ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a menace to human wellness every bit good as to the Earth'sA ecosystems. Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with O which is indispensable for our organic structures to populate. Air is 99.9 % N, O, H2O vapour and inert gases. Human activities can let go of substances into the air, some of which can do jobs for worlds, workss, and animals.There are several chief types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are normally discussed. These include smog, acerb rain, the nursery consequence, and â€Å" holes † in the ozone bed. Each of these jobs has serious deductions for our wellness and wellbeing every bit good as for the whole environment. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as â€Å" black C † pollution. The fumes from firing fuels in cars, pla ces, and industries is a major beginning of pollution in the air. Some governments believe that even the combustion of wood and wood coal in hearths and barbecues can let go of important quanitites of carbon black into the air. Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as S dioxide, C monoxide, N oxides, and chemical bluess. These can take portion in farther chemical reactions once they are in the ambiance, organizing smog and acerb rain.Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include:Sulfur oxidesA ( SOx ) – Sulfur dioxide is a chemical compound with the expression SO2. SO2A is produced by vents and in assorted industrial procedures. Since coal and crude oil frequently contain sulfur compounds, their burning generates sulfur dioxide. Nitrogen oxidesA ( NOx ) – Nitrogen dioxideA are emitted from high temperature burning. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the expression NO2. It is one of the several N oxides. This red-brown toxic gas has a characteristic crisp, seize with teething olfactory property. NO2A is one of the most outstanding air pollutants. Carbon monoxideA – It is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but really toxicant gas. It is a merchandise by uncomplete burning of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular fumes is a major beginning of C monoxide. Carbon dioxideA ( CO2 ) – It is aA nursery gas which isA emitted from burning but is besides a gas critical toA life beings. It is a natural gas in the ambiance. Volatile organic compoundsA – VOCs are an of import outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are frequently divided into the separate classs of methane ( CH4 ) and non-methane ( NMVOCs ) . Methane is an highly efficient nursery gas which contributes to heighten planetary heating. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are besides important nursery gases via their function in making ozone and in protracting the life of methane in the ambiance, although the consequence varies depending on local air quality. ToxicA metals- such asA lead, A cadmiumA andA Cu. ChlorofluorocarbonsA ( CFCs ) – It is harmful to theA ozone layerA emitted from merchandises presently banned from usage. AmmoniaA ( NH3 ) -Ammonia is emitted from agricultural procedures. Ammonia is a compound with the expression NH3. It is usually encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent olfactory property. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritionary demands of tellurian beings by functioning as a precursor to groceries and fertilisers. Ammonia, either straight or indirectly, is besides a edifice block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in broad usage, ammonium hydroxide is both acerb and risky. OdorsA – such as from refuse, sewerage, and industrial procedures Radioactive pollutantsA which are produced byA atomic detonations, warA explosives, and natural procedures such as theA radioactive decayA ofA Rn.Secondary pollutants include:Smog is a sort of air pollution ; the word â€Å" smog † is a blend of fume and fog. Authoritative smog consequences from big sums of coal combustion in an country caused by a mixture of fume and S dioxide. Modern smog does non normally come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emanations that are acted on in the ambiance by sunshine to organize secondary pollutants that besides combine with the primary emanations to organize photochemical smog. Photochemical and chemical reactions affecting it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the ambiance by twenty-four hours and by dark. At abnormally high concentrations brought approximately by human activities ( mostly the burning of fossil fuel ) , it is a pollutant, and a component of smog. Peroxyacetyl nitrateA ( PAN ) – likewise formed from NOxA and VOCs.Minor air pollutants include:A big figure of minorA risky air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under theA Clean Air ActA and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive. A assortment ofA relentless organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate affair. Persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) are organic compounds that are immune to environmental debasement through chemical, biological, and photolytic procedures. Because of this, they have been observed to prevail in the environment, to be capable of long-range conveyance, bioaccumulate in human and carnal tissue, biomagnify in nutrient ironss, and to hold possible important impacts on human wellness and the environment.Beginnings OF AIR POLLUTIONAnthropogenetic sourcesA ( human activity ) largely related to firing different sorts ofA fuel â€Å" Stationary Beginnings † include fume tonss ofA power workss, fabricating installations ( mills ) and waste incinerators, every bit good as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning warming devices â€Å" Mobile Beginnings † includeA motor vehicles, Marine vass, aircraft and the consequence of sound etc. Exhausts fromA pigment, A hair spray, A varnish, A aerosol spraysA and other dissolvers Waste deposition inA landfills, which generateA methane. Methane is non toxic ; nevertheless, it is extremely flammable and may organize explosive mixtures with air. Methane is besides an asphyxiant and may displace O in an enclosed infinite. Asphyxia or asphyxiation may ensue if the O concentration is reduced to below 19.5 % by supplanting. Military, such asA atomic arms, A toxic gases, A source warfareA andA rocketryNatural beginningsDustA from natural beginnings, normally big countries of land with small or no flora. Methane, A emittedA by theA digestionA of nutrient byA animate beings, for exampleA cowss. RadonA gas from radioactive decay within the Earth ‘s crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, of course happening, radioactive baronial gas that is formed from the decay of Ra. It is considered to be a wellness jeopardy. Radon gas from natural beginnings can roll up in edifices, particularly in confined countries such as the cellar and it is the 2nd most frequent cause of lung malignant neoplastic disease, after coffin nail smoke. SmokeA andA C monoxideA fromA wildfires. VolcanicA activity, which produceA S, A Cl, and ashA particulates.HOW TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTIONThe undermentioned points are normally used as pollution control devices by industry or transit devices. They can either destroyA contaminantsA or take them from an exhaust watercourse before it is emitted into the ambiance. Particulate control Mechanical aggregators Electrostatic precipitators A An electrostatic precipitator ( ESP ) , or electrostatic air cleansing agent is a particulate aggregation device that removes atoms from a fluxing gas ( such as air ) utilizing the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are extremely efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easy take all right particulate affair such as dust and fume from the air watercourse. Baghouses These areA designed to manage heavy dust tonss, a dust aggregator consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust remotion system Particulate scrubbers Wet scrubber is a signifier of pollution control engineering. The term describes a assortment of devices that use pollutants from a furnace fluke gas or from other gas watercourses. In a wet scrubber, the contaminated gas watercourse is brought into contact with the scouring liquid, by spraying it with theliquid, by coercing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to take the pollutants. Scrubbers Baffle spray scrubber Cyclonic spray scrubber Mechanically assisted scrubber Spray tower Wet scrubber NOx control Low NOx burners Selective catalytic reductionA Selective non-catalytic decrease NOx scrubbers Catalytic convertor Acid Gas/SOHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide † 2A control Wet scrubbers Dry scrubbers Do n't smoke Keep your auto care up-to-date Do n't purchase merchandises that come inA aerosolA spray tins Avoid utilizing lighter fluid when barbecuing outside When you drive accelerate easy and utilize sail control Always replace your auto ‘s air filter Use a push or electric lawnmower instead than a gas-powered 1 Do n't utilize rough chemical cleaners that can breathe exhausts Inspect your gas contraptions and warmers on a regular basisFacts about Air PollutionAbout 232 million different types of vehicles are driven by U.S. citizens every twenty-four hours, adding nursery gases into the air. U.S. vehicle emanations contribute 45 % to planetary heating The mean grownup consumes 3,000 gallons of contaminated air every twenty-four hours Vehicle fumes contributes to 60 % of C monoxide emanations in the U.S. and up to 95 % in big metropoliss Every twelvemonth 335,000 Americans dice of lung malignant neoplastic disease, which is a direct consequence of air pollutionBeginnings OF AIR POLLUTIONSome of the chief subscribers to H2O pollution are: Factories Refineries Waste intervention installations Mining Pesticides, weedkillers and fertilisers Human sewerage Oil spills Failing infected systems Soap from rinsing your auto Oil and antifreeze leaking from autos Family chemicals Animal wasteWATER POLLUTIONWater pollution is the debut ofA chemical, biological and physical affair into big organic structures of H2O that degrade the quality of life that lives in it and consumes it. Oil spills, family chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers are the major beginnings of H2O pollution. The best manner to forestall H2O pollution is to non throw rubbish and other harmful chemicals into our H2O supplies because it causes injury to the rivers and lakes. Water pollution affects workss and beings populating in theseA organic structures of H2O ; and, in about all instances the consequence is damaging non merely to individualA speciesA and populations, but besides to the naturalA biological communities. Water pollution occurs whenA pollutantsA are discharged straight or indirectly into H2O organic structures without adequateA treatmentA to take harmful compounds. Water pollution is a major job in the planetary context. It has been suggested that it is the taking worldwide cause of deceases and diseases, A and that it accounts for the deceases of more than 14,000 people daily.A An estimated 700 millionA IndiansA have no entree to a proper lavatory, and 1,000 Indian kids dice of diarrhoeal illness every day.A Some 90 % ofA China ‘s metropoliss suffer from some grade of H2O pollution, A and about 500 million people lack entree to safe imbibing water.A In add-on to the acute jobs of H2O pollution in developing states, A industrialized countriesA continue to fight with pollution jobs every bit good. In the most recent national study onA H2O qualityA in theA United States, 45 per centum of assessedA streamA stat mis, 47 per centum of assessed lakeA estates, and 32 per centum of asse ssedA bayA and estuarineA square milesA were classified as polluted.Facts about Water PollutionOver two-thirds of U.S. estuaries and bays are badly debauched because of N and phosphoric pollution Every twelvemonth about 25 % of U.S. beaches are closed at least one time because of H2O pollution Over 73 different sorts of pesticides have been found in the groundwater that we finally use to imbibe 1.2 trillion gallons of sewerage, stormwater and industrial waste are discharged into U.S. Waterss every twelvemonth 40 % of U.S. rivers are excessively polluted for aquatic life to last Americans use over 2.2 billion lbs of pesticides every twelvemonth, which finally washes into our rivers and lakesHow to Prevent Water PollutionThe best manner to forestall H2O pollution is to non throw rubbish and other harmful chemicals into our H2O supplies. Here are a few more ways you can forestall H2O pollution: Wash your auto far off from any storm H2O drains Do n't throw rubbish, chemicals or dissolvers into cloaca drains Inspect your infected system every 3-5 old ages Avoid utilizing pesticides and fertilisers that can run off into H2O systems Brush your private road alternatively of hosing it down Always pump your waste-holding armored combat vehicles on your boat Use non-toxic cleansing stuffs Clean up oil and other liquid spills with kitty litter and sweet them up Do n't rinse pigment coppices in the sinkNOISE POLLUTIONNoise pollutionA ( orA environmentalA noise ) is displeasing human, carnal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or carnal life. The wordA noiseA comes from the Latin wordA sicknesss, intending mal de mer. The beginning of most out-of-door noise worldwide is chiefly building A andA transit systems, includingA motor vehicleA noise, A aircraft noise andA rail noise. PoorA urban planningA may give rise to resound pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential edifices can ensue in noise pollution in the residential country. Indoor and out-of-door noise pollution beginnings includeA auto dismaies, exigency serviceA Sirens, mechanical equipment, A fireworks, compressedA air horns, evidences maintaining equipment, barking Canis familiariss, contraptions, A lightingA busyness, audio amusement systems, electric A megaphones, and loud people. The fact that you ca n't see, gustatory sensation or smell it may assist explicate why it has non received every bit much attending as other types of pollution, such as air pollution, or H2O pollution.A The air around us is invariably filled with sounds, yet most of us would likely non state we are surrounded by noise.A Though for some, the persi stent and intensifying beginnings of sound can frequently be considered an annoyance.A This â€Å" irritation † can hold large danger.MITIGATION AND CONTROL FOR NOISE POLLUTIONHere are a assortment of schemes for mitigatingA roadway noiseA including: usage ofA noise barriers, restriction of vehicle velocities, change of roadway surface texture, restriction ofA heavy vehicles, usage of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to cut down braking and acceleration, and tyre design. An of import factor in using these schemes is aA computing machine modelA forA roadway noise, that is capable of turn toing localA topography, weather forecasting, traffic operations and conjectural extenuation. Costss of building-in extenuation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning phase of a roadway undertaking. Aircraft noiseA can be reduced to some extent by design of quieterA jet engines, which was pursued smartly in the 1970s and 1980s. This scheme has brought limited but noticeable decrease of urban sound degrees. Reconsideration of operations, such as alteringA flight pathsA and clip of twenty-four hours track usage, has demonstrated benefits for residential populations near airports.A FAAA sponsored residential retrofit ( insularity ) plans initiated in the 1970s has besides enjoyed success in cut downing interiorA residentialA noise in 1000s of abodes across theA United States. Exposure of workers toA Industrial noiseA has been addressed since the 1930s. Changes include redesign of industrial equipment, daze mounting assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace. Noise Free America, a national anti-noise pollution organisation, regularly anterooms for the enforcement of noise regulations at all degrees of authorities.LIGHT POLLUTIONTheA International Dark-Sky AssociationA ( IDA ) definesA light pollutionA as: Any inauspicious consequence of unreal light includingA sky freshness, A blaze, A light trespass, A light jumble, decreased visibleness at dark, and energy waste. Such an attack confuses the cause and its consequence, however.A PollutionA is the adding-of/added visible radiation itself, in analogy to added sound, CO2A etc. Adverse effects are multiple, some of them may be non known yet. Real definitions are to be, hence, like: Change of natural visible radiation degrees in the out-of-door environment owing to unreal light beginnings. Light pollution is the change of light degrees in the out-of-door environment ( from those present of course ) due to semisynthetic beginnings of visible radiation. Indoor light pollution is such change of light degrees in the indoor environment due to beginnings of visible radiation, which compromises human wellness. Light pollution is the debut by worlds, straight or indirectly, of unreal visible radiation into the environment. In malice of the scientific attack, The U.S.A National Park Service, whose Night Sky Team determined that about every park that it surveyed has noticeable light pollution, A defines the term still as: Chiefly, the light of the dark sky caused by unreal visible radiation beginnings, diminishing the visibleness of stars and other natural sky phenomena. Besides includes other incidental or noticeable facets of out-of-door illuming such as blaze, trespass into countries non necessitating illuming, usage in countries where or at times when illuming is non needed, and perturbation of the natural nighttime landscape. Light pollution obscures the stars in theA dark skyA for metropolis inhabitants, interferes withA astronomicalA observatories, and, like any other signifier of pollution, disruptsA ecosystemsA and has inauspicious wellness effects. Light pollution can be divided into two chief types: ( 1 ) raging visible radiation that intrudes on an otherwise natural or low-light scene ( 2 ) inordinate visible radiation ( by and large indoors ) that leads to discomfort and inauspicious wellness effects. Since the early 1980s, a globalA dark-sky movementA has emerged, with concerned people runing to cut down the sum of light pollution. Light pollution is a side consequence of industrial civilisation. Its beginnings include edifice exterior and interior lighting, advertisement, commercial belongingss, offices, mills, street lamps, and illuminated featuring locales.WAYS TO REDUCE LIGHT POLLUTIONReducing light pollution implies many things, such as cut downing sky freshness, cut downing blaze, cut downing light trespass, and cut downing jumble. The method for best cut downing light pollution, hence, depends on precisely what the job is in any given case. Possible solutions include: Using light beginnings of minimal strength necessary to carry through the visible radiation ‘s intent. Turning visible radiations off utilizing a timer or tenancy detector or manually when non needed. Bettering illuming fixtures, so that they direct their visible radiation more accurately towards where it is needed, and with less side effects. Adjusting theA typeA of visible radiations used, so that the light moving ridges emitted are those that are less likely to do terrible light pollution jobs. Measuring bing illuming programs, and re-designing some or all of the programs depending on whether bing visible radiation is really needed.LAND POLLUTIONLandA pollutionA is pollution of the Earth ‘s natural land surface by industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural activities. Land pollutionA is the debasement of Earth ‘s land surfaces frequently caused by human activities and their abuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is non fain decently. Health jeopardy disposal of urban and industrial wastes, development of minerals, and improper usage of dirt by unequal agricultural patterns are a few factors.A UrbanizationA andA industrializationA are major causes of land pollution. The Industrial Revolution set a series of events into gesture which destroyed natural home grounds and polluted the environment, doing diseases in both worlds and other species of animate beings.Beginnings OF LAND POLLUTIONSome of the chief subscribers to set down pollution are: Chemical and atomic workss Industrial mills Oil refineries Human sewerage Oil and antifreeze leaking from autos Mining Littering Overcrowded landfills Deforestation Construction dustFact ABOUT LAND POLLUTIONEvery twelvemonth one American produces over 3285 lbs of risky waste Land pollution causes us to lose 24 billion dozenss of top dirt every twelvemonth Americans generate 30 billion froth cups, 220 million tyres and 1.8 billion disposable nappies every twelvemonth We throw off plenty trash every twenty-four hours to make full 63,000 refuse trucks Every twenty-four hours Americans throw off 1 million bushels of litter out their auto window Over 80 % of points in landfills can be recycled, but they ‘re nonHow to Prevent Land PollutionThe best manner to forestall land pollution is to recycle. Here are a few other ways you can cut down land pollution: Reuse any points that you can Buy biodegradable merchandises Store all liquid chemicals and waste in spill-proof containers Eat organic nutrients that are grown withoutA pesticides Do n't utilize pesticides Use a trickle tray to roll up engine oil Buy merchandises that have small packaging Do n't dump motor oil on the landMARINE POLLUTIONMarine pollutionA occurs when harmful effects, or potentially harmful effects, can ensue from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, A atoms, industrial, agricultural and residentialA waste, noise, or the spread of invasive beings. Most beginnings of Marine pollution are land based. The pollution frequently comes fromA nonpoint sourcesA such as agricultural A runoffA and windblown dust. Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny atoms which are so taken up by A planktonA and benthosA animate beings, most of which are either sedimentation orA filter feeders. In this manner, the toxins areA concentrated upwardA within oceanA nutrient ironss. Many atoms combine chemically in a mode extremely depletive ofA O, causingA estuariesA to becomeA anoxic. When pesticides are incorporated into theA Marine ecosystem, they rapidly go captive into marineA nutrient webs. Once in the nutrient webs, these pesticides can do mutants, every bit good as diseases, which can be harmful to worlds every bit good as the full nutrient web. Toxic metalsA can besides be introduced into marine nutrient webs. These can do a alteration to weave affair, biochemistry, behavior, reproduction, and suppress growing in marine life. Besides, manyA carnal feedsA have a highA fish mealA orA fish hydrolysateA content. In this manner, Marine toxins can be transferred to land animate beings, and appear subsequently in meat and dairy merchandises.TERMAL POLLUTIONThermal pollutionA is the debasement ofA H2O qualityA by any procedure that changes ambient waterA temperature. A common cause of thermic pollution is the usage of H2O as aA coolantA byA power plantsA and industrial makers. When H2O used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the alteration in temperature ( a ) DecreasesA oxygenA provide ( B ) AffectsA ecosystemA composing.SHIP POLLUTIONShip pollutionA is the pollution of air andA waterA byA transportation. It is a job that has been speed uping asA tradeA has become progressively globalized, presenting an increasing menace to the universe ‘s oceans and waterways asA globalizationA continues.RADIATION POLLUTIONRadiation pollution is any signifier of ionising or no ionizing radiation that consequences from human activities. The most well-known radiation consequences from the explosion of atomic devices and the controlled release of energy by nuclear-power generating workss ( see atomic energy ) . Other beginnings of radiation include spent-fuel reprocessing workss, byproducts of excavation operations, and experimental research research labs. Increased exposure to medical X beams and to radiation emanations from microwave ovens and other family contraptions, although of well less magnitude, all constitute beginnings of environmental radiation. Public concern over the release of radiation into the environment greatly increased following the revelation of possible harmful effects to the populace from atomic arms proving, the accident ( 1979 ) at the Three Mile Island nuclear-power generating works near Harrisburg, Pa. , and the ruinous 1986 detonation at Chernobyl, a Soviet atomic power works. In the late eightiess, disclosures of major pollution jobs at U.S. atomic arms reactors raised apprehensivenesss even higher.REFRENCESPollution causes consequence and control By Roy M.Harrison Air Pollution By Jeremy Coils Global consequence of environmental pollution By Siegfied Fred Singer Water Wars By Vandana Shiva Pollution By Christiane Dorion www.google.com Wikipedia.org